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Exploration and colonization Colonization is of individual planets located in the numerous star systems randomly generated at the beginning of each game. Each star system will have from one to eight planets and each planet is rated on a scale of habitability related to your race's physical requirements. Abs acos acosh addcslashes addslashes aggregate aggregateinfo aggregatemethods aggregatemethodsbylist aggregatemethodsbyregexp aggregateproperties aggregatepropertiesby.
Can We Colonize Other Planets?
'Interstellar' the Movie--and the Scientific Realities
The notion that humans might someday colonize other planets has been a recurring theme in the literature of science fiction. For much of the 20th century, the desire to colonize other planets was portrayed as a modern expression of the pioneering spirit that moved the Europeans to emigrate to the far corners of the earth and the pioneers to settle the American West. But in the 21st century, the concept of extraterrestrial colonization has been increasingly portrayed as a solution to the looming crisis of overpopulation and environmental destruction.
This more contemporary notion is central to Christopher Nolan’s movie “Interstellar,” set in the near future, when the earth is depicted as being in the throes of rapid environmental collapse. A secret NASA project is underway to find another planet, somewhere else in the universe, that will be suitable for human colonization. The goal of this project is to protect the human species from the certain extinction that awaits it on a dying Earth.
“Interstellar” is advertised as being based on “real scientific concepts” such as black holes, distortions in the passage of time, and “wormholes” in space-time that could allow objects (such as spaceships) to pass instantly from one part of the universe to another. But a wormhole is not an actual phenomenon. It is merely a hypothetical construct predicted by the theory of relativity. No one has ever observed a wormhole, and no scientist has ever proposed a process by which a wormhole could actually be formed naturally in space.
While “Interstellar” is a very entertaining work of fiction, any real-world attempt to colonize another planet would require actual travel across the mind-numbing vastness of space. It would also require the construction of an artificial environment that would provide humans with an endless supply of food, water, and breathable air—a feat which modern science has thus far never been able to accomplish.
In my recent book,UNBOUND: How Eight Technologies Made Us Human, Transformed Society, and Brought Our World to the Brink(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2015), I explain why the passengers on a spaceship capable of travelling fast enough to reach the moon in 30 minutes would have to survive for nearly 24,000 years in an artificial environment before they could reach the nearest earth-like planet.
The notion that humans might someday colonize other planets is a modern myth that does not square with the known scientific facts. While it may be an entertaining fantasy, it should never be regarded as an alternative to the urgent task of protecting the earth's unique and irreplaceable biosphere—the totality of living ecosystems that gave birth to our species and upon which we depend for our continued existence.
_____________
The following passage is excerpted from Chapter 10 of UNBOUND:
“Our World at the Brink: Is Humanity Drifting Toward a Planetary Catastrophe?”
On July 21, 1969, the American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first human beings—indeed, the first terrestrial organisms—to set foot on the moon. They were followed over the next three and one-half years by ten others. And of all the unique sights and experiences that the moon landings provided, perhaps the most powerful, in its effect on the astronauts themselves, was the sight of the earth from the depths of space.
Frank Borman, the commander of the Apollo Mission, recalled the experience of seeing the earth, in all its multicolored glory, floating in space nearly a quarter of a million miles away. “I happened to glance out of one of the still-clear windows,” he wrote, ”just at the moment the earth appeared over the lunar horizon. It was the most beautiful, heart-catching sight of my life, one that sent a torrent of nostalgia, of sheer home-sickness, surging through me.” And James Lovell, the pilot of the command module, once remarked, “The most impressive sight I saw was not the moon, not the far side that we never see, or the craters. It was Earth . . .”
Earthrise from the Moon
Yet the future of our unique, irreplaceable planet is now seriously threatened as never before by the very technologies that made us human. The human scourges of war, pollution, deforestation, species extinction, and climate change—all of which have flowed from our technological prowess—have put the living world at risk. But before we review each of these threats in detail, we must consider a fundamental question of our age. Can we escape the ills we have created for ourselves by leaving the earth behind and starting over? Can we build a better life for humanity on the virgin soil of another planet?
Can We Colonize Other Planets?
There is an idea that has become popular in recent years, in which it is imagined that future generations of humans will escape the earth’s problems by using advanced technologies to colonize other planets. But even if we ignore the sheer logistical problem of launching hundreds of thousands of tons of supplies and equipment into space—and we consider only the environmental conditions that we know to exist on other planets—the goal of colonizing other heavenly bodies appears to be, for all practical purposes, literally unattainable.
Our moon is a silent, airless world of lifeless rock and dust. A single day on the moon lasts for 28 earth days, and temperatures on the surface of the moon during these lunar “days” are hot enough to boil water, while surface temperatures during the lunar “nights” can plunge to nearly three hundred degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
The planet Mercury is an airless ball of iron and rock rotating so slowly that a single day on Mercury lasts almost as long as two months on Earth. For this reason, surface temperatures on Mercury rise to 650 degrees Fahrenheit during Mercury’s “day” and drop to 274 degrees below zero Fahrenheit during Mercury’s “night.”
The planet Venus is smothered in rolling clouds of sulphuric acid, and its atmosphere is so dense that atmospheric pressure on the planet’s surface is a crushing 1,350 lbs. per square inch. This is 92 times greater than the 14.7 lbs. per square inch on Earth at sea level and is, in fact, equivalent to the pressure that a diver would feel by descending half a mile into the sea. Due to the “runaway greenhouse effect” of its carbon dioxide atmosphere, surface temperatures on Venus remain uniformly above eight hundred degrees Fahrenheit. This is hot enough to melt most soft metals, including lead and zinc.
The planet Mars is a frozen wasteland of rocks and dust that are red from their high concentration of iron oxide. Surface temperatures on Mars average eighty degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The Martian atmosphere is one hundred times thinner than the atmosphere of Earth and 95% of this atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide, with only a trace of oxygen. In addition to its inhospitable temperatures and unbreathable atmosphere, Mars is regularly pounded by gigantic dust storms which can last for months at a time and often grow large enough to envelop the entire planet.
Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus—the “gas giants” of our solar system—are composed of cores of ice and rock larger than Earth that are covered with thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium and buried under immense oceans of liquefied hydrogen and helium thousands of miles deep. None of these planets have any real “surfaces” in the normal sense of the word—only mushy regions where gases become compressed into liquids and where liquids become compressed into solids, all of which are hidden in total and perpetual darkness.
Considering the hostility of their environments to all known forms of life, none of the other planets in our solar system are reasonable candidates for human colonization. Certainly, it would be vastly more practical to colonize the earth’s great uninhabited deserts or the frozen wastelands of the polar regions. These lands are not only endowed with more temperate climates than any other of our sister planets but they are also blessed with Earth’s eminently breathable, oxygen-rich atmosphere.
But what about the “earth-like planets” that astronomers have been discovering in other, nearby solar systems? Could one of them provide a second home for the surplus hominid populations that—given the current rate of human population increase—may soon be overrunning the earth?
While astronomers generally agree that the universe contains many other earth-like planets, all of these worlds are so distant that we know very little about their climates or surface characteristics. The earth-like planet nearest to our solar system is believed to orbit the star Tau Ceti, located twelve light-years from Earth, but the planet believed most likely to have an earth-like climate is called Gliese 832 c, located at a distance of sixteen light-years from Earth. (I am using the word 'believed' for good reason. Due to their small size and immense distance from Earth, no planet outside of our own solar system has actually been observed directly. Instead, their existence is inferred from “wobbles” in the stars themselves, caused by the gravitational pull of the planets revolving around them.)
Gliese 832 c has been estimated to be five times the size of the earth. Thus, a person who weighed 160 lbs. on Earth would weigh 800 lbs. on the surface of Gliese 832 c. This would prevent a normal human being from either standing or walking. But let us suppose for the sake of argument that the gravity problem could be solved somehow—for example, by strapping on metal braces to help support the body under these crushing loads. Even so, the daunting problem of how a group of humans would survive the long journey from our solar system to these “neighboring” solar systems would still have to be solved.
The typical space rocket escapes the earth’s gravitational pull by achieving a launch speed of approximately 18,000 miles per hour. NASA’s “New Horizons” mission—designed to explore the region outside of our own solar system—achieved a launch velocity of 36,000 miles per hour which, combined with the speed of the earth’s orbit around the sun, boosted the spacecraft to a velocity of 100,000 miles per hour. Although this was fast enough to escape the sun’s gravity, New Horizons had slowed to 31,000 miles per hour by the time it actually left the solar system.
In 2018, a planned mission by NASA called the “Solar Probe Plus” is projected to use the “slingshot effect” of the sun’s gravity to reach a staggering 450,000 miles per hour while orbiting the sun. This is fast enough to travel from the earth to the moon in thirty minutes. But even if a spacecraft capable of carrying live humans plus all their cargo and equipment could somehow—even while fighting the sun’s gravity—attain a speed of 450,000 miles per hour on its way out of the solar system, it would have to travel through space for nearly twenty-four thousand years before arriving in the vicinity of Gliese 832 c. (Since light travels at the speed of 670,616,629 miles per hour, this equals 16,094,799,096 miles per day. Multiplied by 365 days in a year, this is 5,874,601,670,040 miles per year. Sixteen light-years is thus 93,993,626,720,640 miles. At 450,000 miles per hour, it would require 208,874,726 hours, which equals 8,703,114 days or 23,844 years to cover the distance from the earth to Gliese 832 c.)
It is difficult to imagine how a handful of human beings could survive inside the confines of a spaceship for roughly five times longer than the entire history of human civilization. It is even more difficult to imagine what the tiny population of such a spaceship would look like after more than seven hundred generations of inbreeding.
But let us suppose for the sake of argument that some future civilization, having developed a technology unknown to us, will defy the known laws of physics and succeed in constructing a functioning space vehicle capable of travelling at nearly the speed of light. Would such a technology open up the universe to interstellar colonization by hominids?
Even in the case of this highly improbable scenario, such interstellar colonists would still be required to survive for many years in space without life support from their home planet before they arrived at the vicinity of the nearest earth-like planet. These colonists would therefore need a technological infrastructure capable of providing them with a reliable supply of food, warmth, and breathable air while they traveled for years through the blackness of space. And thus far even the best efforts of modern technology have utterly failed to provide human beings with a means of surviving indefinitely once all physical contact with the 'biosphere'—the sum total of all life forms and ecological systems that cover the surface of Earth—has been severed.
Life Without the Biosphere
Any attempt to colonize other worlds would require the creation of an artificial ecosystem capable of supporting human life without being connected to the earth’s biosphere, and an attempt to do exactly that was made in 1991—not on another planet but in the relatively benign terrestrial environment of the Southwestern United States. At a cost of $200 million, a three-acre enclosure called “Biosphere 2” was constructed in the Sonoran Desert near Tucson, Arizona to serve as the model for a self-sustaining environment that could be replicated in an extraterrestrial colony. It was to be inhabited by a group of eight people who called themselves “the Biospherians.”
Biosphere 2 in 1991
The four men and four women who volunteered for this mission intended to live inside this enclosure for two years, sustaining themselves without any supply of air, food, or water from the outside. Biosphere 2 was stocked with soil, water, plants, and animals, and it included a small sea, a savanna environment, a mangrove swamp, a rain forest, a desert, and a farm. The idea was that these various environments and their atmospheres would interact to form a totally independent life-support system within which humans could live indefinitely.
In September of 1991, the Biospherians passed through the airlocks of Biosphere 2 and began their two-year mission. But in spite of the availability of massive technological and financial support from outside the enclosure, the Biosphere 2 experiment demonstrated how quickly an ecosystem can collapse when its connection with the natural biosphere has been severed.
Throughout the entire first year of the mission, the farm that had been established inside Biosphere 2 failed to provide sufficient food for the crew. During the first twelve months, the Biospherians experienced continual hunger, were obsessed about the scarcity of food, and lost a significant amount of weight. By the end of the first year, the eight Biospherians had split into two opposing factions that were barely on speaking terms with each other.
In spite of a profusion of green plants, oxygen levels inside the enclosure steadily declined, ultimately falling to the level normally found at an elevation of 17,500 feet. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide levels skyrocketed, fluctuating wildly from one day to the next. Fearing for the health of the crew, project administrators were forced to pump oxygen into the enclosure repeatedly, beginning seventeen months into the experiment.
Over time, the atmosphere inside Biosphere 2 also became permeated with nitrous oxide, ultimately reaching levels that threatened the crew with permanent brain damage. In addition, the stillness of the air inside the enclosure caused the trunks and branches of the trees—normally strengthened by the action of the wind—to grow weak and brittle, and they became prone to what scientists later reported as “catastrophic dangerous collapses.” At the same time, morning glory vines grew wildly, smothering the other plants and trees and requiring constant weeding.
All the species of pollinating insects that had been brought into the Biosphere died out, preventing most of the agricultural plants from reproducing and ensuring that they would not survive beyond their normal life spans. Most of the other insects also died, ultimately leaving Biosphere 2 completely overrun by vast swarms of cockroaches and “longhorn crazy ants” running wildly in all directions. (Paratrechina longicornus, the “longhorn crazy ant” is one of the most common species of ants and is found in human habitations throughout the world. Its name is derived from its long antennae and its habit of running erratically at high speeds in all directions.)
Areas that had been intended as deserts turned into chaparral and grasslands, and the water system became so loaded with chemical nutrients that it was necessary to circulate all of the water over thick mats of algae that had to be periodically harvested, dried, and stored inside the enclosure. Finally, of the twenty-five species of birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles originally introduced into Biosphere 2, all the animals except for six species had died by the time the experiment ended twenty-four months later.
In a sobering report on the lessons of Biosphere 2 published in 1996, biologist Joel E. Cohen and ecologist G. David Tilman concluded, “At present there is no demonstrated alternative to maintaining the viability of Earth. No one knows yet how to engineer systems that provide humans with the life-supporting services that natural ecosystems produce for free.”
There is only one world we know of that can sustain human life, and it is our blue-green planet that so thrilled and delighted the astronauts during their visits to the moon. We have no other home; we can breathe no other air; no other planet can feed us. The earth is quite literally the only life support system available to the human species. We have no alternative to keeping the earth’s biosphere healthy and alive so that we ourselves can remain healthy and alive.
At this point in our species' history, all else is science fiction and fantasy.
A version of the Classic Mac OS operating system | |
300px | |
Developer | Apple Computer |
---|---|
Written in | {{#property:p277}} |
Working state | Historic, not supported |
Source model | Closed source |
Released to manufacturing | July 26, 1997; 23 years ago |
Latest release | 8.6 / May 10, 1999; 21 years ago[1] |
Kernel type | Monolithic for 68k, nanokernel for PowerPC |
Default user interface | Apple platinum |
License | Proprietary |
Preceded by | System 7 |
Succeeded by | Mac OS 9 |
Official website | N/A |
Support status | |
Unsupported as of May 2011 |
Mac OS 8 is an operating system that was released by Apple Computer on July 26, 1997. It represented the largest overhaul of the Mac OS since the release of System 7, some six years previously. It puts more emphasis on color than previous operating systems. Released over a series of updates, Mac OS 8 was an effort to integrate many of the technologies developed for Apple's overly-ambitious operating system known as Copland. Mac OS 8 helped modernize the Mac OS while Apple developed its next generation operating system, OS X. Mac OS 8 is one of Apple's most successful software releases, selling over 1.2 million copies in the first two weeks.[2][3] Coming as it did at a difficult time in Apple's history, many pirate groups refused to traffic in the new operating system, encouraging people to buy it instead.[4]
Mac OS 8.0 brought about the most visible changes in the line-up, including the introduction of the Platinum interface and a native PowerPCmulti-threadedFinder. Mac OS 8.1 introduced a new, more efficient file system known as HFS Plus. Mac OS 8.5 was the first version of the Mac OS to require a PowerPC processor. It featured PowerPC native versions of QuickDraw and AppleScript, along with the Sherlock search utility. Its successor, Mac OS 9, was released on October 23, 1999.
- 4Mac OS 8.5
Copland
Apple's next generation operating system, which it originally envisioned as 'System 8' was codenamed Copland. It was announced in March 1994 alongside the introduction of the first PowerPC Macs. Apple intended Copland as a completely native PowerPC operating system offering intelligent agents, a microkernel, a customizable interface known as Appearance Manager, hardware abstraction, and a relational database integrated into the Finder. Copland was to be followed by Gershwin, which promised protected memory spaces and full preemptive multitasking.[5] The operating system was intended to be a complete re-write of the Mac OS, and Apple hoped to beat Microsoft Windows 95 to market with a development cycle of just one year.
The Copland development was hampered by countless missed deadlines. The release date was first pushed back to the end of 1995, then to mid-'96, late '96, and finally to the end of 1997. With a dedicated team of 500 software engineers and an annual budget of $250 million, Apple executives began to grow impatient with the project continually falling behind schedule. At the Worldwide Developers Conference in January 1997, Apple CEOGil Amelio announced that rather than release Copland as a single monolithic release, Copland features would be phased into the Mac OS following a six-month release cycle. These updates began with Mac OS 7.6, released during WWDC. Mac OS 8.0, released six months later, continued to integrate Copland technologies into the Mac OS.
In August 1996, Apple Chief Technology Officer, Ellen Hancock, froze development of Copland[6] and Apple began a search for an operating system developed outside the company.[5] This ultimately led to Apple's purchase of NeXT and the development of OS X.
Mac OS 8.0
Developed under the codename 'Tempo', Mac OS 8.0 was released on July 26, 1997. Initially, the early beta releases of the product which were circulated to developers and Apple internal audiences, were branded as Mac OS 7.7 (superseding the then-current release, Mac OS 7.6). Afterwards, the software was later renamed to Mac OS 8 before the final release.
Major improvements in this version included the Platinum theme, a Finder which was PowerPC native and multi-threaded, and greater customization of the user interface.
Other features introduced in Mac OS 8.0 include the following:[7]
- Customization of system fonts and increased usage of the user-set accent color.
- Pop-up context menus (accessed via ctrl-click with a single-button mouse)
- Pop-up (or tabbed) windows in the Finder.
- Spring-loaded folders.
- Live scrolling.
- WindowShade widget in window titlebars.
- Multithreaded Finder — file copy operations run in a separate thread and don't block the Finder UI.
- Revamped color picker.
- Desktop Pictures control panel, allowing photographs to be set as the desktop background. (not just tiled patterns)
- Simple Finder, an option which reduces Finder menus to basic operations, in order to avoid overwhelming new users.
- Relocation of the 'Help' menu from an icon at the right end of the menu bar to a standard textual menu positioned after the application's menus.
- A faster Apple Guide, featuring HTML help pages.
- Native support of Apple Filing Protocol over IP.
- Performance improvements to virtual memory, AppleScript execution and system startup times.
- Faster desktop rebuilding.
Mac OS 8.1
Released on January 19, 1998, Mac OS 8.1 was the last version of the Mac OS to run on 68k processors. It addressed performance and reliability improvements. It introduced a new file system known as HFS+, (aka Mac OS Extended,) which supported large file sizes and made more efficient use of larger hard drives due to using a smaller block size. To upgrade, users must reformat the hard drive, which deletes the entire contents of the drive. Some third-party utilities later appeared that preserved the user's data while upgrading to HFS+. Note that 68040 systems do not support booting from HFS+ disks; the boot drive must be HFS.[8]
Mac OS 8.1 was the first system to have a DVD universal data format and also shipped with the new Java runtime (JDK 1.13).
Mac OS 8.1 also included an enhanced version of PC Exchange, allowing Macintosh users to see the long file names (up to 255 characters) on files that had been created on PCs running Microsoft Windows, as well as supporting FAT32.
Mac OS 8.1 is the earliest version of the Mac OS that can run Carbon applications. Carbon support requires a PowerPC processor and installation of the CarbonLib software from Apple's web site; it is not a standard component of Mac OS 8.1. More recent versions of CarbonLib require Mac OS 8.6. Applications requiring later versions of CarbonLib will not run on Mac OS 8.1.
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As part of Apple's agreement with Microsoft, 8.1 included Internet Explorer 3 initially, but soon switched to Internet Explorer 4 as its default browser.
Box goes z00m mac os. Mac OS 8.1 was free for Mac OS 8 owners and was available in February 1998 via the apple.com website.
Mac OS 8.5
Released October 17, 1998, Mac OS 8.5 was the first version of the Mac OS to run solely on Macs equipped with a PowerPC processor. If Mac OS 8.5 is installed on a 68k system, the Sad Mac error screen will appear. As such, it replaced some but not all of the 680x0 code with PowerPC code, improving system performance by relying less on 680x0 emulation.
Planetary Colonization Mac Os 11
It introduced the Sherlock search utility; Sherlock allowed users to search the contents of documents on hard drives (if the user had let it index the drive), or extend a search to the Internet. Sherlock plug-ins started appearing at this time; these plug-ins allowed users to search the contents of other websites.
Mac OS 8.5 included a number of performance improvements. Copying files over a network was faster than previous versions and Apple advertised it as being 'faster than Windows NT'.[9]AppleScript was also re-written to use only PowerPC code, which significantly improved AppleScript execution speed.
Font Smoothing, system-wide antialiasing for type was also introduced.
The HTML format for online help, first adopted by the Finder's Info Center in Mac OS 8, was now used throughout. This made it easier for software companies to write online help systems, but would contribute to making physical manuals become a thing of the past.
In this release, the PPP control panel was removed and replaced with Remote Access. The Remote Access control panel provides the same functionality but also allows connections to Apple Remote Access (ARA) servers.
The installation process was considerably simplified in Mac OS 8.5. In earlier versions the installer worked in segments and often required the user to click to continue in between stages of the installation. The Mac OS 8.5 installer generally required very little user interaction once it was started. Customisation options were also much more detailed yet simpler to manage.
From Mac OS 8.5 onwards, MacLinkPlus document translation software is no longer bundled as part of the Mac OS.
Mac OS 8.5 was the first version of the Mac OS to support 'themes,' or skins, which could change the default Apple Platinum look of the Mac OS to 'Gizmo' or 'HiTech' themes. This radical changing of the computer's appearance was removed at the last minute, and appeared only in beta versions, though users could still make (and share) their own themes and use them with the OS. The Appearance control panel was also updated to enable support for proportional scroll bars, and added the option for both scroll arrows to be placed at the bottom of the scroll bar. Worms vs birds mac os.
In addition to the themes support, 8.5 was the first version to support 32-biticons. Icons now had 24-bit color (16.7 million colors) and an 8-bitalpha channel, allowing for transparency/translucency effects.
Planetary Colonization Mac Os X
The 'application palette' made its debut with 8.5 — the application menu at the right side of the menu bar could be resized to show the active application's name, or 'torn off' into a palette of buttons. This palette could be customized many ways, by removing the window frame and changing the size and layout of the buttons. Apple did not provide a user interface for setting these options, instead making them available via AppleScript and Apple Events and relying on third parties to provide a user interface for the task. By setting it to display horizontally and turning off the window border the pallette could be configured to look and function much like the Windows 95 task bar.
Mac OS 8.5.1
Mac OS 8.5.1, released December 7, 1998, was a minor update to Mac OS 8.5 that fixed a number of bugs that were causing crashes and data corruption.
Mac OS 8.6
Released May 10, 1999, Mac OS 8.6 added support to the Mac OS nanokernel to handle preemptive tasks via the Multiprocessing Services 2.x and later developer API. This free update for Mac users running 8.5 and 8.5.1 was faster and much more stable than either versions of 8.5.x and was also the first Mac OS to have the OS version displayed as part of the startup screen. However, there was still no process separation; the system still used cooperative multitasking between processes, and even a process that was Multiprocessing Services-aware still had a portion that ran in the blue task, a task that also ran all programs that are not aware of it, and the only task that could run 68k code.
Versions of Mac OS 8
Version | Release Date | Changes | Computer | Codename | Price |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8.0 | July 26, 1997 | Initial release | Power Macintosh G3 | Tempo | 99 USD |
8.1 | January 19, 1998 | HFS+ file system | iMac (Bondi Blue) | Bride of Buster | Free Update |
8.5 | October 17, 1998 | PowerPC required, Sherlock, Themes, 32 bit icons | Allegro | 99 USD | |
8.5.1 | December 7, 1998 | Crash, memory leaks and data corruption fixes | iMac (5 flavors) | The Ric Ford Release | Free Update |
8.6 | May 10, 1999 | New nanokernel to support Multiprocessing Services 2.0 | iBook | Veronica |
Compatibility
Macintosh Model | 8.0[10] | 8.1[10] | 8.5[10] | 8.6[10] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Centris/Quadra 600 series | Yes | No | ||
Quadra 700/800/900 series | ||||
Macintosh LC 475 | ||||
Macintosh LC 575 | ||||
Macintosh LC 580 | ||||
Power Macintosh 6100 | Yes | |||
Power Macintosh 7100 | ||||
Power Macintosh 8100 | ||||
PowerBook 190 | No | |||
PowerBook 520 | ||||
PowerBook 540 | ||||
PowerBook Duo 2300 | Yes | |||
PowerBook 5300 | ||||
PowerBook 1400 | ||||
PowerBook 2400 | ||||
PowerBook 3400 | ||||
Power Macintosh 5200 | ||||
Power Macintosh 5300 | ||||
Power Macintosh 5400 | ||||
Power Macintosh 5500 | ||||
Power Macintosh 4400 | ||||
Power Macintosh 6200 | ||||
Power Macintosh 6300 | ||||
Power Macintosh 6400 | ||||
Power Macintosh 6500 | ||||
Power Macintosh 7200 | ||||
Power Macintosh 7300 | ||||
Power Macintosh 7500 | ||||
Power Macintosh 8500 | ||||
Power Macintosh 7600 | ||||
Power Macintosh 8600 | ||||
Power Macintosh 9600 | ||||
Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh | ||||
Power Macintosh G3 All-In-One | ||||
Power Macintosh G3 | Yes: Machine-specific version only | Yes | Yes | |
Power Macintosh G3 Blue and White | No | No | Yes: Machine-specific version only | |
iMac G3 | Yes: Machine-specific version only | Yes | ||
iMac G3 (266 MHz, 333 MHz) | No | |||
iMac G3 (Slot Loading) | No | Yes: Machine-specific version only | ||
Power Macintosh G4 (PCI Graphics) | ||||
Power Macintosh G4 (AGP Graphics) | ||||
PowerBook G3 | Yes | |||
PowerBook G3 Series | ||||
iBook | No | Yes: Machine-specific version only |
References
Planetary Colonization Mac Os Catalina
- ↑http://www.versiontracker.com/dyn/moreinfo/macos/359
- ↑'Apple Sells 1.2 Million Copies of Mac OS 8; Best Software Product Sales Ever in First Two Weeks of Availability'. Retrieved March 30, 2007.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Mac OS 8 Sales on Fire'. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2007.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Where do you want to pirate today? Forbes 8/8/1997'. August 8, 1997.
In fact, the latest word out in the Macwarez scene is that pirates shouldn't copy Apple's OS8--Mac's latest operating system--they should buy it, since Apple so desperately needs the money.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑ 5.05.1Linzmayer, Owen (1999). Apple Confidential - 'The Copland Crisis'. No Starch Press. pp. 225, 226.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name 'Copland' defined multiple times with different content - ↑'HOW APPLE TOOK ITS NeXT STEP'.
in August, newly hired chief technologist Ellen Hancock froze development altogether.
<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles> - ↑Pogue, David; Joseph Schorr (1999). MacWorld Mac Secrets, 5th Edition. IDG. pp. 318, 319.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'LowEndMac'.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑'Apple Introduces Mac OS 8.5 - The Must-Have Upgrade'. Retrieved May 10, 2011.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
- ↑ 10.010.110.210.3'Mac OS 8 and 9 compatibility with Macintosh computers'. Apple Inc.Retrieved February 28, 2009.<templatestyles src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'></templatestyles>
External links
- Technical Note TN1102 Mac OS 8 Developer Information from Apple
- Technical Note TN1121 Mac OS 8.1 Developer Information from Apple
- Technical Note TN1142 Mac OS 8.5 Developer Information from Apple
- Technical Note TN1163 Mac OS 8.6 Developer Information from Apple
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